Ableism refers to a form of discrimination in which people are disadvantaged or devalued because of a physical, cognitive, or mental disability. At the heart of this is often the notion that only certain physical or cognitive abilities are considered “normal,” capable, or socially valuable. People whose abilities differ from this norm are consequently often excluded, underestimated, or reduced to their disability. What may at first glance appear to be neutral expectations regarding performance or independence often manifests in everyday life as structural barrier and social prejudice. Buildings without accessible entry, stereotypical portrayals in the media, or the assumption that people with disabilities need to be pitied or “cured” are common examples of this. In many areas of society, this leads to the creation of fixed role models: people with disabilities are portrayed, for example, as in need of help, dependent, or exceptionally “inspiring,” while people without disabilities are considered the norm. This perspective reinforces inequalities because it ignores the fact that human abilities are actually diverse. Ableism is therefore not just an individual prejudice, but also a societal problem that is reflected in structures, language, and cultural assumptions. When certain bodies or abilities are held up as the standard for normality, this can contribute to normalizing exclusion and making participation more difficult. At the same time, engaging with this issue opens up opportunities for greater inclusion: Consciously examining barriers and patterns of thought can help us recognize diversity, make social structures more just, and promote equal participation for everyone.

(Source: Maskos, Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung 28.08.2023, accessed 13 March 2026)

The term “catcalling” refers to unwanted comments, whistles, shouts, or sexually suggestive remarks directed primarily at women in public spaces. Such situations occur, for example, on the street, on public transportation, or in public places, and are often experienced by those affected as unpleasant, intimidating, or disrespectful. Although catcalling is often portrayed as harmless flirting or a compliment, it is usually based on a power imbalance in which boundaries are crossed without regard for the other person’s reaction. Many victims report that it makes them feel exposed, sexualized, or insecure, leading them to adjust their behavior in daily life—for example, by avoiding certain routes or acting more cautiously. Catcalling illustrates how strongly societal notions about gender and public spaces can influence behavior. The discussion surrounding this issue has gained attention in recent years and has helped foster more open conversations about respect, personal boundaries, and safety in public spaces.

(Source: Gemeinsam gegen Sexismus: Catcalling, accessed 26 May 2026)